Cancer Treatment & Information

A stressful life may make it tougher to fight the virus which causes the majority of cervical cancer cases, say scientists. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection - but only a small percentage of women who catch it develop cancer. US researchers, writing in the journal Annals of Behavioural Medicine, said that stressed women had a weaker immune response to the virus. But the study did not prove that stress was the root cause of the problem.

It is already known that the way the body’s immune system reacts when confronted with HPV - short for human papillomavirus - can determine whether the infection causes more serious problems. Many women appear able to “clear” the virus from their bodies, while in others it can cause a persistent infection which raises the risk of the abnormal cell changes which can eventually lead to cancer.

The latest study, carried out at the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, looked for reasons why, in some women, the immune system is unable to clear the virus. Their small study asked 78 women who had had abnormal smear tests to fill in a questionnaire about their day-to-day stresses over the previous month, and any major events such as bereavements or divorce over a longer period.

Then the ability of their immune system to respond to HPV16 - the most common variety of the virus linked to cervical cancer - was measured. Similar tests were carried out on 28 women who had not received an abnormal smear test, and the results compared. The researchers found that the immune response was poorer among women who reported higher levels of day-to-day stress. However, there was no correlation between immune response and the number of major events.

No cause

Dr Carolyn Fang, who led the study, said: “Women with higher levels of perceived stress were more likely to have an impaired immune response to HPV16. “That means that women who report feeling more stressed could be at greater risk of developing cervical cancer because their immune system can’t fight off one of the most common viruses that cause it.”

The researchers admitted, however, that the design of the study meant that it was impossible to look for proof that stress actually caused the immune response, rather than just accompanied it. A spokesman for Cancer Research UK said that more research would be needed to prove the link. “We already know that an effective immune response against certain forms of HPV can guard against cervical cancer - this knowledge helped to spearhead the development of cervical cancer vaccines targeting this virus.

“This small study does not provide conclusive evidence that a stressful life directly suppresses the immune system and increases the risk of cervical cancer. “More work would be needed before we know if there is a relationship between stress levels and the ability to fight HPV infection.”

NEW YORK, Feb. 14 (AScribe Newswire) — A single prostate specific antigen (PSA) test taken before the age of 50 can be used to predict advanced prostate cancer in men up to 25 years in advance of a diagnosis, according to a new study published by researchers at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York and Lund University in Sweden. The findings, published in the online open-access journal BMC Medicine, should help physicians be able to identify men who would benefit from intensive prostate cancer screenings over their lifetime.

Previously, the team’s research has shown that a single PSA test at age 50 or younger could predict the presence of prostate cancer in men up to 25 years in advance of diagnosis. This latest study is a unique, natural experiment to test whether we can predict advanced prostate cancer many years before it is diagnosed, said lead author Hans Lilja, MD, PhD, a clinical chemist with joint appointments in the Departments of Surgery and Medicine at MSKCC. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men after lung cancer. This year, more than 230,000 new cases will be diagnosed, and according to the American Cancer Society, more than 27,000 men died from prostate cancer in 2006.

The findings are based on the research team’s analysis of blood samples collected between 1974 and 1986 as part of a large, population-based study of middle aged men called the Malm? Preventative Medicine study. The study cohort, in Malm?, Sweden, included 161 men who had been diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer by 1999 and men of a similar age who had not developed cancer by that time. The results showed that the total PSA level was an accurate predictor of advanced cancer diagnosis in men later in life. The majority, 66 percent, of advanced cancers were seen in men whose PSA levels were in the top 20 percent (total PSA > 0.9 ng/ml). The average length of time from blood test to cancer diagnosis was 17 years.

While this data does not have any immediate implications for general prostate cancer screening guidelines, Dr. Lilja adds, We have found that a single PSA test taken at or before age 50 is a very strong predictor of advanced prostate cancer diagnosed up to 25 years later. This suggests the possibility of using an early PSA test determine which men should be the focus of the most intensive screening efforts.

Vigilant, targeted screenings in high-risk men could allow physicians to intervene when the cancer is at an early stage. The research was funded by grants from the National Cancer Institute, the Swedish Cancer Society, and the European Union Sixth Framework Program. Dr. Hans Lilja holds patents for free PSA and hK2 assays. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is the world’s oldest and largest private institution devoted to prevention, patient care, research, and education in cancer. Our scientists and clinicians generate innovative approaches to better understand, diagnose, and treat cancer. Our specialists are leaders in biomedical research and in translating the latest research to advance the standard of cancer care worldwide.